Guidance and education
Foreign search engines
Search engine (Google) Google
The search engine "Google" is one of the most search engines which millions of users around the world depend on, and it contains more than 8 billion pages that always increase. Google has a general search engine, which dealt with at present, and another scientific one researching capacity and dealing with studies and reports (Google Scholar), there is also another engine searches in a great electronic library and provides its content. WE advise you to see (Google Print) and will detail all in this education guide. The search in Google is very simple, all you need to do is enter the search term (may be a word or sentence or describe the information you want to access) in the field of search and then click on the "Enter" or click on the "" Google Search"" which is the key next to the search box.
And as a result of that process Google shows you the results page containing a list of web pages linked to your research, and it shows you the page most relevant to your search topic at the beginning of the list, followed by pages less relevant.
There are some keys which will ensure that you search more accurately and effectively:
• choosing the right search term is your key to obtain the required information.
If you are looking for general information on Saudi Arabia for example, you enter the word "Saudi Arabia" in the search box and click "" Enter"", or if you are looking for tourist sites in Saudi Arabia, you have to be more specific entering the word "tourist sites in Saudi Arabia ".And if you're looking for tourist site, you have to specify a particular search term to write in the search box," El Soda, "for example.
• Capitalization.
Google Does not take account for capitalization. Whether the letter is (CAPITAL) or small (small) does not affect the search results, to be written, for example, "SCIENCE" or "science" will give you the same search results.
• Arranging words in the search box.
Google search engine looks for pages that contain all the words that you entered in the search box, so it is better not to bring in words not included in the search, you don't have to enter the link "and" between your search words because the order of words affects the search box results, so you should be more specific in search terms writing. The more the word describing what you want is better for good results.
• Ignore some common words.
Google ignores some common-used words such as "where" or "how" and the "http" or ". Com", it also ignores some characters and figures because they narrow and slow down the search. As if those words necessary to complete the search, you can use a plus sign "+" before any of the common words or numbers for your search.
(Make sure that you leave a space before the "+" sign). Another way to include all the words you want in your search result is to write a full sentence in quotation marks "------"
• The right formula for the word search.
You must enter a search word in the correct format, if you misprint you will not obtain the results of search required, but in some cases, Google gives you a formula to correct the English word of the wrong formulation.
• Multiple meanings terms.
If you look for A term with more than one meaning, it is possible to put a "-" which is a dash in quotation marks before the words carrying the same meaning and want to avoid. (Must be a space before a "-")..... See the keys of search later.
• I'm Feeling Lucky.
You can click on the key "I'm Feeling Lucky" which is below the search box to take you directly to more sites linked to your search but does not show you any results of the search.
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Guide (Yahoo)
Search engine in Yahoo offers a new style guide and quick access to the information you're looking for, if there was information on the Internet or if they were part of the Yahoo network you can access it using the Yahoo search engine.
To begin your search on Yahoo use the search box in the main page of Yahoo! or Yahoo page used for research Yahoo! Search - Web Search.
Then start writing a word or sentence to be searched in the search box and click "Enter" key or click "" Yahoo Search"" beside the search box in the Home page or "Search the Web" in the search page of Yahoo Search. There is a group of keys in the top of the search box of Yahoo Search page. The objective of these keys is to identify the type of search and results required: (Web) if they were Web pages, (Images)for photos, (Video)for video, (Directory)for pages of Yahoo Guide, (Local)for business search, (News)for more than 7000 news sources of Yahoo news sources and the Internet sources, (Shopping)for online shopping.
You can enter the same search term unchanged, and click on any of those keys to get results from all of those sections of Yahoo's search engine.
Search Keys:
• Choose the word carefully.
Use words describing what you're specifically looking for, common terminology gives you a large number of results away from research. For example: use "digital cameras" in the search box instead of using "electronics" to refer to these machines.
• All the words in the search box.
Yahoo engine gives you the pages containing all your search terms, such as (how) and (where) are in many web pages so you must choose your search words which gives you more accurate results.
• The sign (+).
If you want a specific term in the search result Enter a + before the term in the search box 'For example: "+ the sun" search result gives you the web pages containing the sun.
• The sign (-).
If you want to exclude a word / words enter "-" sign before the term to ensure you get search result pages free of that word / words.
• Search for more than one alternative.
If you're looking for more alternatives, use the capitalized link OR between the two alternatives. For example: Egypt OR Pharos search result gives you the web pages for Egypt and the pharaohs or one of them.
• Search for a specific sentence
To search for specific sentence place it in quotes in the search box. For example: "to be or not to be" to get Web pages that contain a full statement.
• Keywords.
Yahoo search engine gives you the advantage of the use of the keys to facilitate your search; you can enter the search box site: yahoo.com, to get to Yahoo main site with little effort.
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Teoma search engine
Teoma provides you with search engine linked to the topic you are looking for and the results of accurate and relevant to you search. It also offers suggestions to narrow the scope of search to identify more accurate results. The results on web pages containing a set of links which refer to general issues related to your search prepared by a group of experts from all over the world, and also give you classifications and comments on the links of web pages that serve as a source of information. For example:
Start your search for "search engine" using Teoma you will find the following:
• the left column of the Teoma results page contains, in the first place, the Teoma web pages of the most famous search engines that are often marketing signals and the results come later.
• At the top of the right column you find filtration or suggestions for more pages linked to the topic of focus for research.
• in the bottom of the right column find links to a group of experts to provide web pages containing summaries and a list of sites on search engines.
Search Keys:
• Select your search terms carefully and clearly to find results that contain all of the terms.
• Use quotation marks " " or dash (-) to determine the specific sentence you want to search and you can also use the feature (Find this phrase) at the bottom of the Teoma search box.
• Teoma search engine may exclude some common words such as "the" or "what", and to include these words in your search enter "+" sign before the word desired (make sure to include a space before the "+" sign) and if there is a term you want excluded from the search results, enter "-" before the term (make a space before the sign "-").
• Be specific in the choice of words in your search.
For example: if searching for the 4 x 4 vehicles you must write the 4 x 4 vehicles in the search box, not cars.
• Word forms and derivations give you different search results.
For example: The word cat gives you different results from cats.
• Make sure about the correct spelling of the words that you want to search, as Teoma gives you results of the word you write. Sometimes it asks you if you mean the right word in case it recognizes a spelling error.
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AltaVista Search engine
AltaVista search engine lets you search for billions of pages and sources of data and multimedia files by writing the word / phrase in the search box and click Search key.
Search Keys:
• When writing more than word in the search box, Alta Vista gives you web pages that contain all the words you typed.
• Be specific as much as possible in choosing the search sentence.
• Enter word / phrase you want to appear in search results.
• If you're looking for a specific sentence enter it between quotes "."
• Alta Vista search engine deals with uppercase letters and small similarly, if you want a phrase in capital letters in the search results you'll need to place it in capital letters in quotes.
• When writing the type of language you want the results reported in the search box Alta Vista will give you the results of the web pages in that language even if written in English.
For example :(the phrase) the news in French searches for the news in French although it is written in English, in this case, AltaVista gives you some results pages written in French.
• Alta Vista search engine gives you the search feature on the pages in a particular language by selecting the language you wish, which results in the bottom of the search box, and you can choose page translation from one language to another through Translate.
• Alta Vista search engine enables you to do many types of search: web pages, pictures, music, video or news through a group of choices at the top of the list of search that allows you to choose the type of source you want, you can also write one word / phrase and choose to search in all types of searches.
• Alta Vista gives you the results matching your search in any kind of files, if found, for example PDF file type you'll find a mark telling you that there is PDF file corresponds to your search and a link allows you to download Adobe Acrobat Reader, which enables you to open and read the file.
• Use AND link to connect terms and access pages that contain two specific words together.
Example: Peanut AND butter will give you the results of the two terms.
• use OR to find pages that contain the two words / sentences or a combination of both.
Example: Peanut OR butter will give you result pages that contain one or two terms. This link is used when the results are few and subject is narrow and difficult.
• use NOT to find pages that contain the word / phrase and does not contain the other.
Example: Peanut NOT butter will give you pages that contain the first term and exclude everything related to the second one.
• You can choose a (domain) to search in.
Example: domain: uk allows you to search for pages within the United Kingdom and search for pages from commercial sites.
• You can find a specific word in the title of the pages that you're looking for.
Example: title: sunset will enable you get the word sunset in the titles of the specific pages.
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(Google Print) Search engine
Primary goal of Google Print is to work with publishers and libraries to create an electronic library and a comprehensive index of all books in all languages, which help users discover new books and help publishers find new readers. The Google Print facilitates the task of access to books and guides users looking for books, especially books that are difficult to obtain in another way and with respect for copyright writer and the publisher. By (Publisher Program) the publisher can to send a copy of the book in the form of a PDF file and then Google adds this book to its list and by clicking on the title of this book in the Google search results, it takes you to one of the pages of this book, and also can gives you a link to buy.
As for the libraries, Google has co-worked with many libraries to make them searchable on Google Print, where Google is working on the indexing of numerous books from libraries to make their content searchable. Thus, the contents of books can be searched and found and browsed with the difficulty of printing.
How to start a search in Google Print?
• Type your word search for the book you want in the search box of Google Brent, then click the button next to Google Print search box or click Enter.
• When find books that are consistent with the content of your search term, Google Print will give you links to titles of these books, by clicking on the title of one book Google Print will get you to book page that contains your search term.
• On the left of the book page you will find a column containing a group of links as follows:
• (more results from this book) by clicking on this link access to a group of other pages from the same book linked to you search.
• Search within this book there is to search box allows you to write a new search term to search for content within the same book.
• About this Book by clicking on this link you can learn more about the book such as the writer or the publisher or the date of publication.... Etc.
• under the heading Related information find two links:
- Web Search for reviews by clicking on this link you can identify the book reviews on the Internet.
- Other web pages related by clicking on this link you can identify other web pages about the same book.
• Copyright by clicking on this link you can see the copyright of this book.
• Buy this Book this link gives you a list of places selling the book on the Internet.
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Search engine (Google Scholar)
It allows you to search in the academic literature works containing articles and research papers and similar research papers, theses, books and theories and technical reports from different areas of research, and using Google Scholar You can get articles for a wide variety of publishers and academics, as well as universities and academic articles available on the Internet. The Google Scholar arranges results related to your search, references most relevant to your topic appear in the top of the page. Google Scholar determines relevance to your subject by taking into account the full text of the article and the writer and newspaper / magazine in which it was published and where and how it appeared in literature works.
Google Scholar search engine works on the analyzing and obtaining evidence and presents them to you as separate search results even if such documents are not available on the Internet, which means that the search results may include references to the work of old books and articles are published in books or material not on the Internet.
In addition to the models that we presented, there are many engines you can search and identify closely by practice.
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Arabic search engines
There are so many Arabic engines that are close to some of the characteristics and advantages, therefore, we recommend the practice and experience these engines for the development of your researching abilities. Most of the engines based on clear and direct words in the search. Examples of the Arabic engines:
Search Engine and Guide Arabo
The site introduces itself as a search engine and directory of Arab sites on the Internet with archiving and classification subjects and issues related to the Arab world on the Internet. Classifications were divided to: the twenty-two Arab countries own sites and public gates serve the whole nation. Arabo presents sites in Arabic and English, and being prepared to add other essential languages. Arabo is distinguished by having an international section, where non-Arab companies in non-Arab countries now present, but have the services to the Arabs or have plans to enter the Arab market. The site is managed according to strict laws that give visitors safety in terms of ensuring not to be contrary to the values of religion and, unlike most search engines, where checks at each site before the adding it, despite the arrival of the number of sites for tens of thousands. The sites listed are subject to periodic review to ensure that there are no failures and continues to be complied with laws set. The search engine is characterized by containing an unprecedented number of Arabic sites with interest in the right description for each of them and positioning them in the correct classification to facilitate more research and allow visitors to choose between similar sites easily. There are also, at the top of each list of sites, links for classifications and themes similar or related.
It is like a lot of guides that provide the same services such as Raddadi, Arabic Guide, Golden Guide and the Guide and Strategy and others which guide to the sites in all specialized and general directions which lead to sites that could be useful to recognize their existence.
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Google (Google Arab)
The basics of Google:
• Ordinary search.
To search through (Google-Arab), enter the words that describe what you're looking for and press the Enter key or click on the key " search Google" to show results. Google Arab uses sophisticated techniques to match the text to find the most important pages to also be relevant to what you are looking for. For example, when Google Arab analyzes a page, it looks at what other related pages say about the same page. Google also prefers the Arab pages where the search words close. It therefore connects you with pages where it finds the term or terms set by the search starting from the headlines through the text.
• Locating all the words.
Google Arab gives you the pages containing all your search words, and there is no need to write anything between words so that the engine can find all of them. To narrow your search, increase search words.
• Words are ignored.
Google ignores the common words and characters used, and automatically ignores such terms as "http" and ". Com" and also some of the figures and characters, if not accompanied by another number or letter, and the reason is that they rarely help narrow a search and can slow down the search considerably. The searcher must use the "+" sign to look for words that are generally ignored, and it is important to ensure a space before the "+" sign and you can use "+" when searching for phrases.
• Look for words in their context.
Each Google Arab search result contains an excerpt or more of the web page, which shows you how to use your search words in the context of that page.
• Various forms of the word.
To achieve the most accurate results, Google does not give variations of the word being looked for, and does not support the use of substitute words of wildcard (Joker) by other words. Google searches for words as they exactly appear in the search box. The search for "googl" or "*googl "will not give you "googler" or "googlin". And the search for the word "book" will not yield results containing the word "book". This is known as the use of amputation search strategy.
• Do characters or signs of capitalization affect the search?
Google Arab does not take into account the fact that the Latin-shaped letter capital or small. All letters, printed however, are understood as small. For example, search for "google", "GOOGLE", and "GoOgLe" gives the same results. The characters of some Latin letters are not identified as different from the same without such marks. If you want to differentiate between the words where letters have special characters and words do not, you should enter "+" before the foreign word.
Refining Your Search:
• General advice.
Since Google takes you to Web pages that contain all the words included in your search, enough to narrow and specify your search, you should add more words to the words you're looking for. Thus your search results contain pages less than the very comprehensive pages in your previous search.
• Words excluding.
You can exclude a word from your search by placing ("-") before the word you do not like. (Be sure to include a space before the minus sign).
• Search for phrases.
You can by Google search for words by putting them in quotes. Words "Thus, for example" will appear together in all results (except if they are very common words that require a + for appearing in the group of words. This method is useful especially when searching for famous sayings or specific names. Some printing letters are used as linking tools between phrases. They include the dash, italics, point, equal and apostrophe.
• Identify domain.
Some words followed by a colon ":" are meaningful to Google. One of these words is: site. To search for a domain or site, use the formulation site: sampledomain.com in the search box at Google.
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Search engine Ayna site
Where is the Arabic site on Internet that serves the Arab users in the Middle East and North Africa (about 280 million people) as the site itself confirms. It provides the following services to them:
• Search engine.
• Index.
• Multilingual e-mail in addition to many Internet services.
Ayna is one of the Arabic sites, which has a large number of users; it is a simple site, which is similar to many sites such as Naseej and dozens of other sites available on the Internet.
How to search in Ayna:
Enter a word in the search box and click the key:" search with Ayna": It will give you set of web pages strongly relevant to you search or "Take me to the site": It takes you directly to where the most relevant sites to the topic of your search.
Some search keys:
Using Ayna advanced search engine you can:
• search for pages that contain the word or phrase through fields for writing the word or phrase that you want to search in the advanced search page of Ayna where you can enter (+) before it.
• You can exclude pages that contain the word or phrase through fields for writing the word or phrase you want to be excluded from the search and you can enter a sign (-) before it.
• You can control the number of results that appear in the page through a list of choices in the Advanced Search page where you can choose 10-20-50-100 results in the page.
• You can choose between Internet search in Arabic, Ayna site, Arabic sites or Naseej site through a list of choices, and then click Search the Internet button.
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Types of search tools
Search Engines
• Engines were built by the automatic program "spiders".
• Unorganized - all pages classified through a special computer algorithm.
• Contain full text of the pages that lead you to the search engines, and then you find the results of the pages that match the words of your search.
• Retrieve a lot of information.
• do not work on the assessment of pages, you find good pages and not good pages and then you have to assess them on your own.
Search guides
• Built by man not by a computer or automatic program.
• Pages classified according to the materials they contain.
• Do not contain the text of pages so you have to use general search terms that describe the topic you want to search.
• Smaller than most search engines.
• Contain accurate assessment of the pages.
Data base search
• pages not found in search engines and rarely present in other search guides are made present by (Invisible Web) which gives you two or three times the pages provided by (Visible Web), which is assimilated to the search engines and guides.
• There are many databases can be searched and accessed through the search box on a web page.
For example: UCB Library Catalogue of UCB Library and some statistical databases that can be searched.
• send the terminology used in the search to specialized databases and recovered for you as a new web page dynamically created to give the search required. They do not keep it after the completion of the search. For the search engines, they can not access these dynamic pages as the automatic programs that made such engines are unable to write search terms necessary to create such pages.
• Automated Program spiders find web pages by visiting all links pages known, but if there are some linkages elsewhere spiders may use to re-create a new search in specialized databases, as well as some pages require passwords for entry, and this will prevent search engines from access to these pages, in this case, spiders can not write.
• rarely contain search engines contain the contents of web pages, as guides were made by man, he is capable of writing and adding some links that enable us to search within the database by clicking it.
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MetaSearch Engines
• Have Search tools that far outweigh the guides and search engines, work to compile the results of the search and also properly present results and integrate those results in a good style.
• Some MetaSearch engines provide you with a range of valuable benefits such as the ability to implement the outcome of research, referring to the search engines or guides used, as well as the time taken to search in it.
• Some MetaSearch engines require downloading and saving them on your computer.
• mainly MetaSearch search is speedy and lacks inclusiveness, and it deletes some of the results, useful in academic research, of search engines such as Google and Northern Light, in addition, it does not allow you to benefit from advanced search features of any search engine, and also it is difficult to expect how the search is done, especially if the search is complex.
There is also type of specialized search guides in the pages of the web written by some experts who took much time in the search on the Internet to compile these pages and make directive guide for them.
E-documentation programs and the Management of References
Electronic programs came to help document citations in the search and here we do not endorse any of them, but point to their existence in addition to the sites that help you do correct form of citation as wanted, especially those world-famous, such as MLA and APA and many more. In the following we give examples of these programs and recommend searching the Internet for new e-documentation systems and accompanying lessons to learn more about them, and note that the center of university education development holds some courses on these programs.
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RefWorks program
Using RefWorks, users can work their own database through the recovering of reference of other databases on the Internet, and can use these references in the documentation of researches where RefWorks can help on the management and coordination of citations and references arrangement. It helps to establish a special base or recovers data from other base, and it is available in different fields like Anak, Windows and UNIX.
RefWorks provides the following:
• Creation and organization of a special database on the Internet automatically, you do not need to organize and write as everything is done by RefWorks.
• Coordination of a list of references in a few seconds, which saves you hours of effort to write, as well as minimizes the possibility of errors in the writing of reference, and also enables you to make any amendment or re-coordination.
• Search in RefWorks databases is easy and quick as it determines the book name, description and catalog ... All you need to do is click on the title to make RefWorks give you all the data required.
How to use RefWorks for the first time:
If you are a new RefWorks user visit the website at:
http://www.refworks.com/refworks
register at the site and after registration you will receive an electronic mail from RefWorks to confirm your registration.
The use of advanced search in RefWorks:
To do a thorough search within your database:
• Select Advanced Search from the list of search.
• Choose to search by book, address, year of publication.....
• choose Anywhere to search in any area.
• Use the link AND between two words or sentences in the search to enable you to obtain the results contained together.
• Use the link OR to find the results that contain any of the words or sentences.
• Use the link NOT to exclude results containing the word / phrase that follows NOT.
• To search in all databases use All References and use Only References In to narrow the search.
• If you want to search for a specific word, place it in quotation marks "".
How to create a database in RefWorks:
The first step in the use of RefWorks is the work of your database, and there are five ways to do so:
• bringing data directly: You can bring data to RefWorks from another database on the Internet, such as CSA, OCLC, OVID, EBSCO ... etc. And that gives you the possibility of bringing in references directly without the need to make text file.
• bringing saved data from text files (saved text files) can save references in the text file.
• choose to transfer data from documentation programs to another to RefWorks: You can transfer data from the programs Endnote, Reference Manager, ProCite to RefWorks.
• Research in databases on the Internet: You can search in other databases on the Internet through RefWorks where you can quickly search in it.
• Use the link and add references in writing as well: By using RefWorks list of references you can choose (Add new reference) and enter data of reference in the fields allocated to it and click (Save).
Therefore, you can create a footnote or collect your own database that belong to you or bring it from another database.
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ProCite Program
ProCite program is a tool to arrange and publish the references as scholars, writers and researchers rely on them to make a list of references. This program helps to create lists of references to more than 1000 research papers. Using ProCite program researchers save many hours of writing and coordination for the preparation of lists of footnotes and references, therefore choosing Search material through ProCite researcher can obtain a fully and easily coordinated document.
ProCite provides you with the following:
• collection of references from databases on the Internet: You can search in the electronic library through ProCite and directly bring references, which help you to build your reference collection.
• arrangement of your references easily: You can arrange data by using search tools in ProCite where you can access some Web pages and include them in your database of Procite to get the reference in seconds using effective tools in research, such as: Contains:, Empty:, Not Empty: And you can (Save) some search terms, to re-use later.
• Creating an immediate list of references: You can save time and effort with ProCite that offers you the most flexibility and strength to enter your references in the word processor, and it also does the arrangement of the lists of references in Windows environment.
• You can share your references with other users on the ProCite network.
• Research in more than 200 electronic libraries at the same time and you can add web pages you need in your database of ProCite.
• obtain references from the Internet and turn them directly to your reference collection in ProCite.
• Once you find a web page you want to get and add to your reference collection ProCite help you to register and save.
How to search in ProCite:
Search your ProCite database by using ProCite many variables that do not exist in other programs such as:
equal, not equal, greater than, less than, greater than or equal to, less than or equal to, begins with, ends with, exactly, contains, the logical operators: and, or, not, and / not, and the following special values: empty, not empty.
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EndNote Program
EndNote is used by millions of researchers, academics, students and librarians to search the databases on the Internet, and is one of the most popular programs used, as well as to arrange references, images, and create a list of references very quickly instead of spending hours to write a list of references and organizing them. The program works in more than one environment and links the user to various documentation methods.
EndNote provides you with the following:
• Search in databases on the Internet and also search within your database in EndNote on your computer.
• You can open more than 560 files and search in them on the Internet.
• Access to hundreds of databases for references on the Internet, such as: Web of Science, Ovid, PubMed, and The Library of Congress and, through the use of EndNote.
• Deal with data sources throughout the world.
• You can bring in a direct reference from databases such as: Web of Science, Ovid ...
• Take some references to your database in your EndNote by Drag & Drop option.
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Writing research paper:
Research paper writing requires a lot of hard work, but if given the right effort, results would be more than satisfactory.
The introduction is the key to the research paper. And research papers mostly consist of a set of notes and statements from several books. The research papers have numerous shapes, sizes and controls.
What is the research paper?
Research paper is part of academic writing that requires a level of intellectual analysis, the most innovative and critical; to get to the conclusion which will be a unique and adequate composition of personal views and impersonal evidence.
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Types of research papers
• analytical research papers:
Your task of analytical research papers is to make a questionnaire about existing information and views to become compliant with the search subject. This requires a critical thinking and reading as well as assessment of the sources.
• Controversial research papers:
For the controversial research papers you have to take a position towards the topic or issue, based on the evidence that supports your view.
The Attendance:
When preparing for a presentation, it is not a basic requirement of research to know who your attendees are to work changes that satisfy them as this will not change anything in the way of writing research. Consider yourself a new contributor in the academic debate, where you will add a new view to academics who expressed their word on the subject of research you write about.
Fraud:
Fraud is the unauthorized use of the ideas of others or full dependence on external sources. Fraud is like moving your lips to the sound of another person's salute and accept pay tribute and honor to yourself and to avoid fraud, you follow and understand the documents recognized in this regard.
Topic:
How to choose your themes?
You should benefit from your reading, lectures attended, facts and notes, as well as questions written in your notebook. You can also browse through the catalog of some libraries such as the Library of Congress. Do not start writing at this stage, only take the general idea and get familiarized with words and topics related to your search topic, as the purpose of this step is the formation of abstract concepts in mind before starting to write.
Hypothesis or question:
For the controversial research papers, the main key is the hypothetical sentence, and analytical research papers is the question lies in the research. When you get to the theory or query of research, you have to cover some of their features and do not worry about the premise or the question because it may change at the end of the course of research or during writing. But most importantly, hypothesis or research question should be of your mind and not from other sources.
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Research:
When you get to the hypothesis or query, you reach the heart of your search, and now you have the objective and purpose of research, thus you have formed the basis for the search and now you start construction.
• For writing a research, follow these three tips:
1. Understand the types of sources.
2. Read carefully and in a criticizing manner and then assess these sources.
3. Take notes in an effective manner.
• Indexing:
Indexing is an organizational plan of your research paper to learn the search starting point (Introduction and premise / query) and learn the approach of research (a set of conclusions). Indexing does not enable you to clarify what you plan to say only, but also helps you to move easily between paragraphs.
• Other steps of research are the initial drafting and revision of the research and to finalize and coordinate research and print it in its best.
General tips for writing a research paper:
There is a lot of advice directed to students to write research, and here we offer general advice, especially in the undergraduate program when students are asked to write a paper or an article... Here, we say:
• Choose a good lit place, have pens and sit on a comfortable chair.
• Check your e-mail or paper detailing the research or the article required.
• Reread the required assignment carefully and check your understanding.
• Go to buy some coffee which might help you focus.
• On the way back pass by a neighboring friend who also did not begin writing the paper and just go out to buy some foods that may help you to concentrate.
• When you come back to your room, sit up straight and reread the requirement. • If you have some other work, end it before the start of writing the paper in order to focus completely.
• call a friend to see if he had started writing to discuss with him some notes about paper.
• Check daily newspapers to make sure you have not forgotten an interesting piece of information that may be added to you paper.
• Sit down for some time and try to think seriously about your plans.
• Start writing your paper, and after completion write it on your computer.
• Check your writing to ascertain it is well prepared and well coordinated.
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Guide to writing essay:
Purposes of this writing may differ, but that does not change the basic structure, you can write an essay to discuss a certain point of view or to explain the steps necessary to complete the task. In both cases the essay has the same composition. If you follow some simple steps you will find that the essay is written spontaneously and only you will be responsible for the ideas that form the essay.
Do not be afraid of the idea of putting a pen on the paper to start writing.
Guiding steps during the process of writing the essay:
Determine the topic of your essay.....
• You must choose the topic of your essay, think of the form of your essay after completion. Would it be a general view? Or would it be an analysis of a particular theme?
If the essay presents a general view, you are ready to move to the next step. If it is analysis, you must choose a specific topic and, if found with a general subject you must choose a sub-theme for discussion.
• Identify the purpose of your essay: You must know the purpose of your essay. Is it to convince others with a particular subject or is it to present information about some place or some person or a certain idea? Whatever the topic of your essay, it should fulfill the purpose for which it was written.
• Brainstorming:
When the purpose of your essay is identified, start writing some of the topics of your interest, as there are an unlimited number of topics, you will find appropriate to your essay.
If you are having problem of thinking, start looking around you. Is there anything in your surroundings of your interest? Start thinking about your life to find out what fills your time and what concerns you to give you a subject which makes a new and suitable material for writing. You do not have to assess the issues you think of. Just write what crosses your mind.
• Assessment of each possible subject:
To think about some of the topics is very appropriate to write the essay. You must also determine your approach to this subject, if you want to tell people about a subject you must be sure you have a good knowledge of the subject. The most important factor in choosing the subject of the essay is the extent of your knowledge and the number of ideas about it. .
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Arrange your thoughts:
Start to chart your thoughts by writing them, and you can decide the structure of your ideas:
• Chart:
1. Start making a horizontal line or circle in the middle of the page.
2. Write the essay inside the circle.
3. Draw 3 or 4 lines starting from the center of the circle and extend them on the page.
4. Draw a circle at the end of each line.
5. In each of them write the main ideas of your topic.
6. Draw 3 lines starting from each main idea and draw circles at the end of each line.
7. In each of them write information to support that idea.
• Outline:
1. Start writing the topic of your essay at the top of the line.
2. Start numbering: I, II, III and beside each number write your main ideas on the topic.
3. Start sub- numbering under the basic numbering, such as: a, b, c. next to each sub-number write the information supports your main ideas, for example: the essay I - the main idea- 1 information supporting the idea b - ------.
Writing the Hypothesis
You have identified temporary information which you plan to display in your essay. You are now ready to write a hypothesis. The hypothesis tells the reader about the subject of the essay and the point that the writer discusses, and through the chart you can determine hypothesis sentence. Upon completion of the hypothesis sentence, you are ready to write the main paragraph.
Writing key paragraph:
At the outset of the writing of the main paragraph you can conclude that all the preparations were fruitful, so that the issue chosen must be explained and discussed. Every main idea you wrote in the chart will be a key paragraph in the essay. If you have 3 ideas, they result in 3 main paragraphs in the essay. To write a paragraph you follow the following composition:
• Start by writing one of the main ideas in the form of sentence.
• Write supportive points of the main idea, but leave a space after each point.
• In the space left write some clarification on each point.
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Writing the introduction and the Conclusion:
What is missing from your essay is an introduction paragraph and Conclusion paragraph. The introduction is the entry point and the conclusion is the exit point of the essay.
Introduction:
• Start attracting attention through the use of correct and real information and not necessarily new to the reader, but more importantly to be relevant and clear for the discussion of the point.
• You can use a valuable story to clarify the point of discussion. The story must be specific, short and relevant to be impressive introduction.
Conclusion:
Conclusion conveys the concept of finalization to the reader, summarizing all the points you discussed and it gives a final perspective of the subject as a whole. All you need in the conclusion is 3 or 4 strong sentences that have no specific formula. To write conclusion you can simply review the main points and shortly display them.
Add the last touches:
You have completed all the paragraphs of your essay and before you consider it finished, you must consider coordination.
Check the arrangement of your paragraphs: In order to the strongest paragraph: You'd better start with the strongest and end with the less strength with the weakest ones in between. Whatever arrangement is determined your essay should be logical.
Review:
There is no substitute for your review. Your review strengthens the points of weakness in your essay. You must re-read the paper and ask yourself:
• is that logical?
• Are the sentences smooth? If the answer is no, you add some connecting sentences and words, and you can refer to an idea presented in a previous sentence to bring the paragraphs together.
• Review spelling and grammar is a must.
• Review margins and spaces between the lines.
• Review the title.
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